Albert Einstein (* March 14th, 1879 in Ulm, then-Kingdom of Württemberg) is a Physicist born in Germany with Swiss citizenship. He's generally considered one of the most important theoretical Physicists in the history of science and one of the most reknown scientists of the Modern Age, worldwide. His research about the Structure of Matter, space and time, and the being of Gravitation thoroughly changed the older paradigm created by Newton.
He hated school in Imperial Germany, the teachers rather reminded him of sergeants and Lieutenants. To avoid conscription, he left the country and accepted being stateless for five years. After having studied Physics in Zürich, he initially worked as a clerk in the Patent office. There, he wrote his main work, the theory of Relativity (published in 1905, his "annus mirabilis"), which made him world-famous, even among scientific laymen. In 1922, he received the Nobel prize for Physics. However, these successes caused the envy of many, especially the followers of a "Deutsche Physik" (German physics) like Philipp Lenard, who became helpers of the Nazis.
When Adolf Nazi came to power in 1933, he gave up his German passport forever, and in 1934, Nazi Germany cancelled his citizenship. Joseph Goebbels had his writings burned at the stake, and the Nazis put a bounty of 5.000 US$ on his head.
From now on, he lived in Princeton, where he continued working as a Professor (initially, he had trouble finding such a job because of the Numerus clausus) and researching the "World formula". In August 1939, shortly before World War II started, he signed a letter written by Leó Szilárd addressed to POTUS Franklin D. Roosevelt, warning about the danger of a „Bomb of new Type“, which Nazi Germany might be developing, and maybe have it soon. Since the secret services also reported about the German efforts to do this, the plea was listened to, and additional money for research was provided: The Manhattan Project, targeting the development of a nuclear bomb, was created.
He always was politically engagiert, especially for the cause of Pacifism. In 1933, he successfully appealed to Turkish President İsmet İnönü, so 1000 German Jews were able to emigrate there. He's also in contact with Mohandas Gandhi and proposes a democratic World government. The FBI finds his progressive convictions so suspicious, they started a file about him in 1932.
During 1903-19, he was married to Mileva Maric; they had two Sons and a daughter (Lieserl) - her further fate is unknown. Since 1919, he was married to Elsa Löwenthal, until she died in 1936.
